Table 1.6 Nobel prizes awarded in bioelectromagnetism and closely related subject areas

Year	Name of recipient	Nationality	Subject of research
1901	Jacobus van't Hoff *)	The Netherlands	laws of chemical dynamics      and osmotic pressure
1903	Svante Arrhenius *)	Sweden	theory of electrolytic dissociation
1906	Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Italy Spain	work on the structure of nervous system
1920	Walther Nernst *)	Germany	work in thermochemistry
1924	Willem Einthoven	The Netherlands	discovery of electro- cardiogram mechanism
1932	Edgar Douglas Adrian Sir Charles Sherrington	Britain Britain	discoveries regarding function of neurons
1936	Sir Henry Hallet Dale Otto Loewi	Britain Germany	work on chemical trans- mission of nerve impulses
1944	Joseph Erlanger Herbert Spencer Gasser	U.S. U.S.	researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibers
1949	Walter Rudolf Hess	Switzerland	discovery of function of middle brain
1961	Georg von Békésy	U.S.	discoveries of the physical mechanism of the inner ear
1963	Sir John Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley	Australia Britain Britain	study of the transmission of nerve impulses along a nerve fibre
1967	Ragnar Arthur Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald	Finland U.S. U.S.	discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye
1968	Lars Onsager *)	U.S.	work on theory of thermo- dynamics of irreversible processes
1970	Julius Axelrod Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler	U.S. Britain Sweden	discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission
1981	David Hunter Hubel Torsten Nils Wiesel	U.S. Sweden	discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
1991	Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann	Germany Germany	discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
1997	Paul D. Boyer John E. Walker Jens C. Skou *)	U.S. U.K. Denmark	the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of ATP; discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase
2003	Peter Agre Roderick MacKinnon *)	U.S. U.S.	discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes

*) Nobel Prize in chemistry. All other prizes were received in physiology or medicine.