Publication Index

    Jaakko Malmivuo

    Referee articles
    Number of records: 100

    2014.09.09


    1. Malmivuo J. Reminiscences about 20 years of cooperation on biomedical engineering between Finland and the Baltic States. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2014, 63, 3, 211–212.

    2. Kybartaite, A., Nousiainen, J., & Malmivuo J. Technologies and methods in virtual campus for improving learning process, Computer Applications in Engineering Education. Hoboken, NJ: Willey-Blackwell. (Research article). ISSN 1061-3773. 2013, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 185-192. [IF 0.333].

    3. Malmivuo, J. 2012. Comparison of the properties of EEG and MEG in detecting the electric activity of the brain. Brain Topogr (2012) 25:1-19.

    4. Kybartaite, A., Nousiainen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2010. Learning objects for the Virtual Campus of Biomedical Engineering. IEEE Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine 5 1, pp. 11-15.

    5. Subramaniyam, N., Väisänen, O, Wendel. K. & Malmivuo, J. 2010. Cortical potential imaging using L-curve and GCV method to choose the regularisation parameter. Nonlinear Biomedical Physics 4 Suppl. 1, 4, 11 p.

    6. Wendel, K., Väisänen, J., Kybartaite, A., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2010. The significance of relative conductivity on thin layers in EEG sensitivity distributions. Biomedizinische Technik / Biomedical Engineering 55 3, pp. 123-131.

    7. Wendel, K., Väisänen, J., Seemann, G., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2010. The influence of age and skull conductivity on surface and subdermal bipolar EEG leads. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 397272, 7 p.

    8. Wendel, K., Väisänen, O., Malmivuo, J., Gencer, N.G., Vanrumste, B., Durka, P., Magjarevic, R., Supek, S., Pascu, M.L., Fontenelle, H. and Grave de Peralta Mendez, R. 2009. EEG/MEG source imaging: methods, challenges, and open issues. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Volume 2009, Article ID 656092, 12 pages, doi:10.1155/2009/656092.

    9. Kybartaite, A., Nousiainen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2009. Evaluation of students´ attitudes towards virtual learning objects for biomedical engineering. IEEE Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine 4 4, pp. 102-108.

    10. Puurtinen, M., Viik, J., Takano, N., Malmivuo, J. and Hyttinen, J. 2009. Estimating the measuring sensitivity of unipolar and bipolar ECG with lead field method and FDM models. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 94 (2009) pp. 161-167.

    11. Väisänen, O. & Malmivuo, J. 2009. Improving the SNR of EEG generated by deep sources with weighted multielectrode leads. Journal of Physiology - Paris 103 6, pp. 306-314.

    12. Wendel, K., Väisänen, O., Malmivuo, J., Gencer, N.G., Vanrumste, B., Durka, P., Magjarevic, R., Supek, S., Pascu, M.L., Fontenelle, H. & Grave de Perelta Menendez, R. 2009. EEG/MEG source imaging: Methods, challenges, and open issues. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2009 656092, 12 p.

    13. Väisänen, J., Malmivuo, J. & Hyttinen, J. 2008. Correlation between signal-to-noise ratios and region of interest sensitivity ratios of bipolar EEG measurements. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 46 4, pp. 381-389.

    14. Väisänen, J., Väisänen, O., Malmivuo, J. & Hyttinen, J. 2008. New method for analysing sensitivity distributions of electroencephalography measurements. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 46 2, pp. 101-108.

    15. Wendel, K., Narra, N.G., Hannula, M., Kauppinen, P. & Malmivuo, J. 2008. The influence of CSF on EEG sensitivity distributions of multilayered head models. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 55 4, pp. 1454-1456.

    16. Requena-Carrion, J., Väisänen, J., Rojo-Alvarez, J.L., Hyttinen, J., Alonso-Atienza, F. & Malmivuo, J. 2007. Numerical analysis of the resolution of surface electrocardiographic lead systems. Lecture notes in computer science 4466 pp. 310-319.

    17. Väisänen, J., Requena-Carrion, J., Alonso-Atienza, F., Hyttinen, J., Rojo-Alvarez, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2007. Contributions of the 12 segments of left venticular myocardium to the body surface potentials. Lecture notes in computer science 4466 pp. 300-309.

    18. Väisänen, O. & Malmivuo, J. 2007. Improved detection of deep EEG sources: Optimization of weighted multielectrode leads. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism (ISBEM) 9 3, pp. 185-190.

    19. Virtanen, M., Kähönen, M., Nieminen, T., Karjalainen, P., Tarvainen, M., Lehtimäki, T., Lehtinen, R., Nikus, K., Kööbi, T., Niemi, M., Niemelä, K., Turjanmaa, V., Malmivuo, J. & Viik, J. 2007. Heart rate variability derived from exercise ECG in the detection of coronary artery disease. Physiological Measurements 28 10, pp. 1189-1200.

    20. Ryynänen, O. R. M., Hyttinen, J. A. K. & Malmivuo, J. A. 2006. Effect of measurement noise and electrode density on the spatial resolution of cortical potential distribution with different resistivity values for the skull. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 53 9, pp. 1851-1858.

    21. Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2006. Sensitivity distribution visualizations of impedance tomography measurement strategies. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism, 2006, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. VII/1 - VII/9.

    22. Väisänen, J., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2006. Finite difference and lead field methods in designing implantable ECG monitor. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 44 Spinger. 10, pp. 857-864.

    23. Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2005. Sensitivity distribution simulations of impedance tomography electrode combinations. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 7 1, pp. 344-347.

    24. Malmivuo, J. 2005. The relative merits of EEG and MEG. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 11 1, pp. 69-82.

    25. Puurtinen, M., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2005. Optimizing bipolar electrode location for wireles ECG measurement - analysis of ECG signal strength and deviation between individuals. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 7 1, pp. 236-239.

    26. Ryynänen, O., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2005. Effect of skull resistivity and measurement noise on the spatial resolution of EEG. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 7 1, pp. 317-320.

    27. Väisänen, J., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2005. Focus of the implantable device's measurement sensitivity - application of half-sensitivity volume concept. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 7 1, pp. 240-242.

    28. Malmivuo, J. 2004. The SVEC III vectorcardiographic lead system. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 23 6, pp. 47-51.

    29. Malmivuo, J.A. & Suihko, V.E. 2004. Effect of skull resistivity on the spatial resolutions of EEG and MEG. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51 7, pp. 1276-1280.

    30. Ryynänen, O., Hyttinen, J., Laarne, P. & Malmivuo, J. 2004. Effect of measurement noise on the spatial resolution of EEG. Biomedizinische Technik 48 2, pp. 94-97.

    31. Ryynänen, O.R.M., Hyttinen, J.A.K., Laarne, P.H. & Malmivuo, J.A. 2004. Effect of electrode density and measurement noise on the spatial resolution of cortical potential distribution. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51 9, pp. 1547-1554.

    32. Arola, T., Hyttinen, J., Viik, J., Takano, N. & Malmivuo, J. 2003. Effect of ischemia size on body surface maps by realistic volume conductor model. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 258-259.

    33. Haapalainen, A., Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2003. Instrumentation for 12-lead ECG/ICG. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 67-68.

    34. Hyttinen, J., Puurtinen, H.-G., Kauppinen, P., Pikkuhuhta, M., Lötjönen, J., Patterson, R. & Malmivuo, J. 2003. Dynamic modeling of the human body as a volume conductor. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 329-330.

    35. Malmivuo, J. & Nousiainen, J. 2003. Clinical application of magnetocardiography. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 72-75.

    36. Nousiainen, J., Malmivuo, J. & Oja, O. S. 2003. Combining MCG and ECG in classifying myocardial infarction. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 76-79.

    37. Puurtinen, M., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2003. Effect of interelectrode distance on ECG potentials - modeling approach vs. clinical data. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 147-148.

    38. Väisänen, J., Korhonen, P., Nousiainen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2003. ECG P-wave analysis software. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 5 1, pp. 150-151.

    39. Hyttinen, J., Lötjönen, J., Kauppinen, P., Saarilampi, M., Mäenpää, R.-K. Jerosch-Herold, M., Zhang, J., Patterson, R. & Malmivuo, J. 2002. Dynamic model of the thorax for ECG and ICG studies. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism. Special Issue on Electrocardiology and Neurophysiology 4 2, pp. 81-82.

    40. Kauppinen, P., Haapalainen, A., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2002. Development of instrumentation for 12-lead impedance cardiography. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism. Special Issue on Electrocardiology and Neurophysiology. 4 2, pp. 123-124.

    41. Puurtinen, H.-G., Sipilä, M., Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 2002. 256-channel electrocardiography in arrhythmia analysis and validation of model investigations. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism. Special Issue on Electrocardiology and Neurophysiology 4 2, pp. 325-326.

    42. Viik, J., Lehtinen, R. & Malmivuo, J. 2002. Improved detection of coronary artery disease in women using ST/HR hysteresis method. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism. Special Issue on Electrocardiology and Neurophysiology 4 2, pp. 289-290.

    43. Hyttinen, J., Puurtinen, H.-G., Kauppinen, P., Nousiainen, J., Laarne, P. & Malmivuo, J. 2000. On the effects of model errors on forward and inverse ECG problems. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 2 2, 13 p.

    44. Kauppinen, P., Kööbi, T., Hyttinen, J., & Malmivuo, J. 2000. Segmental composition of whole-body impedance cardiogram estimated by computer simulations and clinical experiments. Clinical Physiology 20 2, pp. 106-113.

    45. Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J., Kööbi, T. Kaukinen, S. & Malmivuo, J. 2000. Computer modeling and lead field theory in the analysis and development of impedance cardiography. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 2 2, 10 p.

    46. Laarne, P., Hyttinen, J., Dodel, S., Malmivuo, J. & Eskola, H. 2000. Accuracy of two dipolar inverse algorithms applying reciprocity for forward calculation. Computers and Biomedical Research 33 3, pp. 172-185.

    47. Malmivuo, J., Nousiainen, J., Oja, O. S. & Uusitalo, A. 2000. Magnetocardiography in diagnosing myocardial infarction. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 2 1, pp. 27-32.

    48. Vänttinen, H., Nousiainen, J., Mäkynen, P. & Malmivuo, J. 2000. Windows software for cardiac electrophysiology studies and ablation monitoring. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 61 pp. 221-231.

    49. Viik, J., Lehtinen, R. & Malmivuo J. 2000. Standard ECG leads in exercise ECG diagnosis. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 2 1, pp. 72-78.

    50. Viik, J., Vänttinen, H. & Malmivuo, J. 2000. ECG variable cine: Computer program for presentation of temporal changes in ECG variables over different number of ECG leads. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 63 Ireland. pp. 147-155.

    51. Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J., Laarne, P. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. A software implementation for detailed volume conductor modelling in electrophysiology using finite difference method. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 58 pp. 191-203.

    52. Kauppinen, P.K., Hyttinen, J.A.K., Kööbi, T. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. Multiple lead recordings improve accuracy of bio-impedance plethysmographic technique. Medical Engineering & Physics 21 pp. 371-375.

    53. Kauppinen, P.K., Hyttinen, J.A., Kööbi, T. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. Lead field theoretical approach in bioimpedance measurements: Towards more controlled measurement sensitivity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 873 pp. 135-142.

    54. Kauppinen, P., Kööbi, T., Kaukinen, S., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. Application of computer modelling and lead field theory in developing multiple aimed impedance cardiography measurements. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 23 5, pp. 169-177.

    55. Laarne, P., Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J., Malmivuo, J. & Eskola, H. 1999. Effects of tissue resistivities on electroencephalogram sensitivity distribution. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 37 5, pp. 555-559.

    56. Malmivuo, J. 1999. Theoretical limits of the EEG method are not yet reached. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 1 1, pp. 2-3.

    57. Viik, J., Lehtinen, R. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. Detection of coronary artery disease using maximum value of ST/HR hysteresis over different number of leads. Journal of Electrocardiology 32 pp. 70-75.
    58. Viik, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. Biomedical engineering as a career resource: Survey from Tampere University of Tecnology. Int. J. Engng Ed. Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 308-320, 1999.

    59. Viik J. & Malmivuo, J. 1999. Biomedical engineering as a career resource: survey from Tampere University of Technology. The International Journal of Engineering Education 15 4, pp. 308-320.

    60. Heinonen, T., Dastidar, P., Kauppinen, P., Malmivuo, J. & Eskola, H. 1998. Semi-automatic tool for segmentation and volumetric analysis of medical images. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 36 3, pp. 291-296.

    61. Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J., Heinonen, T. & Malmivuo, J. 1998. Detailed model of the thorax as a volume conductor based on the visible human man data. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 22 3, pp. 126-133.

    62. Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1998. Sensitivity distributions of impedance cardiography using band and spot electrodes analyzed by a three-dimensional computer model. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 26 pp. 694-702.

    63. Viik, J., Lehtinen, R., Turjanmaa, V., Niemelä, K. & Malmivuo, J. 1998. Correct utilization of exercise electrocardiographic leads in differentiation of men with coronary artery disease from patients with a low likelihood of coronary artery disease using peak exercise ST-segment depression. American Journal of Cardiology 81 April 15 1998, pp. 964-969.

    64. Heinonen, T., Eskola, H., Dastidar, P., Laarne, P. & Malmivuo, J. 1997. Segmentation of T1 MR scans for reconstruction of resistive head models. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 54 pp. 173-181.

    65. Hyttinen, J., Viik, J., Lehtinen, R., Plonsey, R. & Malmivuo, J. 1997. Computer model analysis of the relationship of ST-segment and ST-segment/heart rate slope response to the constituents of the ischemic injury source. Journal of Electrocardiology 30 3, pp. 161-174.

    66. Lehtinen, R., Sievänen, H., Turjanmaa, V., Niemelä, K. & Malmivuo, J. 1997. Effect of ST segment measurement point on performance of exercise ECG analysis. International Journal of Cardiology 61 3, pp. 239-245.

    67. Lehtinen, R., Sievänen, H., Viik, J., Vuori, I. & Malmivuo, J. 1997. Reproducibility of the ST-segment depression/heart rate analysis of the exercise electrocardiographic test in asymptomatic middle-aged population. American Journal of Cardiology 79 May 15, 1997, pp. 1414-1416.

    68. Malmivuo, J., Suihko, V. & Eskola, H. 1997. Sensitivity distributions of EEG and MEG measurements. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 44 3, pp. 196-208.

    69. Viik, J., Lehtinen, R., Turjanmaa, V., Niemelä, K. & Malmivuo, J. 1997. The effect of lead selection on traditional and heart rate-adjusted ST segment analysis in the detection of coronary artery disease during exercise testing. American Heart Journal 134 3, pp. 488-494.

    70. Lehtinen, R., Sievänen, H., Viik, J., Turjanmaa, V., Niemelä K. & Malmivuo, J. 1996. Accurate detection of coronary artery disease by integrated analysis of the ST-segment depression/heart rate patterns during the exercise and recovery phases of the exercise electrocardiography test. American Journal of Cardiology 78 pp. 1002-1006.

    71. Lehtinen, R., Vänttinen, H., Sievänen, H. & Malmivuo, J. 1996. A computer program for comprehensive ST-segment depression/heart rate analysis of the exercise ECG test. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 50 1, pp. 63-71.

    72. Laarne, P., Eskola, H., Hyttinen, J., Suihko, V. & Malmivuo, J. 1995. Validation of a detailed computer model for the electric fields in the brain. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 19 2-3, pp. 84 - 87.

    73. Lehtinen, R., Sievänen, H., Uusitalo, A., Niemelä, K., Turjanmaa, V. & Malmivuo, J. 1994. Performance characteristics of various exercise ECG classifiers in different clinical populations. Journal of Electrocardiology 27 1, pp. 11-22.

    74. Nousiainen, J., Oja, O. S. & Malmivuo, J. 1994. Normal vector magnetocardiogram.I.Correlation with the normal vector ECG. Journal of Electrocardiology 27 3, pp. 221-231.

    75. Sievänen, H., Karhumäki, L., Vuori, I. & Malmivuo, J. 1994. Compartmental multivariate analysis of exercise ECGs for accurate detection of myocardial ischaemia. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, Electrocardiography, Myocardial Contraction and Blood Flow Supplement 32 pp. S3-S8.

    76. Nousiainen, J., Oja, O. S. & Malmivuo, J. 1994. Normal vector magnetocardiogram.II.Effect of constitutional variables. Journal of Electrocardiology 27 3, pp. 233-241.

    77. Giessler, F., Rissanen, A. & Malmivuo, J. 1993. A combined method for low noise biomagnetic measurement systems. Measurement Science & Technology 4 8, pp. 884-892.

    78. Sievänen, H., Karhumäki, L., Vuori, I. & Malmivuo, J. 1991. A compartmental multivariate analysis of the exercise ECG for the accurate detection of myocardial ischemia. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 29 suppl., p. 819.

    79. Sievänen, H., Karhumäki, L., Vuori, I. & Malmivuo, J. 1991. Improved diagnostic perfomance of the exercise ECG test by computerized multivariate ST-segment/heart rate analysis. Journal of Electrocardiology 24 2, p. 129.

    80. Salmi, J., Eskola, H., Pitkänen, M. & Malmivuo, J. 1990. The influence of electromagnetic interference and ionizing radiation on cardiac pacemarkers. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 166 pp. 153-6.

    81. Eskola, H., Malmivuo, J., Nousiainen, J. & Lekkala, J. 1987. Corrected unipositional lead system for vector magnetocardiography. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering BME-34 2, pp. 81-90.

    82. Malmivuo, J., Lekkala, J. & Kontro, P. 1987. Improvement of the properties of an eddy current magnetic shield with active compensation. Journal of Physics. E: Scientific Instruments 20 1, pp. 151-164.

    83. Nousiainen, J., Lekkala, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1986. Comparative study of the normal vector magnetocardiogram and vector electrocardiogram. Journal of Electrocardiology 19 3, pp. 275-290.

    84. Lekkala, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1985. Optimization of a SQUID-vectorgradiometer. Cryogenics 25 pp. 291-303.

    85. Heinonen, P., Saramäki, T., Malmivuo, J. & Neuvo, Y. 1984. Periodic interference rejection using coherent sampling and waveform estimation. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems CAS-31 5, pp. 438-446.

    86. Lekkala, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1984. Multiplexed SQUID-vectormagnetometer for biomagnetic research. Journal of Physics. E: Scientific Instruments 17 pp. 504-512.

    87. Talonen, P., Malmivuo, J., Baer, G., Markkula, H. & Häkkinen, V. 1983. Transcutaneous, dual channel phrenic nerve stimulator for diaphragm pacing. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 21 January, pp. 21-30.

    88. Baer, G.A., Malmivuo, J.A. & Talonen, P.P. 1983. A pressure curve monitor for intratracheal jet ventilation. J. Biomed. Eng., Apr. 5(2), 134-136.

    89. Estola, K.-P. & Malmivuo, J. 1982. Air-core induction-coil magnetometer design. Journal of Physics. E: Scientific Instuments 15 pp. 1110-1113.

    90. Lekkala, J.O. & Malmivuo, J.A.V. 1981. Noise reduction using a matching input transformer. Journal of Physics. E: Scientific Instruments 14 pp. 939-942.

    91. Strömmer, P., Lekkala, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1981. Accurate digital synthesiser for simulating vectorcardiogram. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 19 March, pp. 250-254.

    92. Heinonen, P., Tuomola, M., Lekkala, J. & Malmivuo, J. 1980. Properties of a thick-walled conducting enclosure in low-frequency magnetic shielding. Journal of Physics. E: Scientific Instruments 13 pp. 569-570.

    93. Malmivuo, J. 1980. Distribution of MEG detector sensitivity: An application of reciprocity. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 18 May, pp. 365-370.

    94. Rahko, T., Karma, P., Torikka, T. & Malmivuo, J. 1980. Microprocessor-based four-channel electronystagmography system. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 18 January, pp. 104-108.

    95. Wikswo, J.P.Jr., Malmivuo, J.A.V., Barry, W.H., Leifer, M.C. & Fairbank, W.M. 1979. The theory and application of magnetocardiography. In: Ghista, D.N. (ed). Advances in Cardiovascular Physics 2 pp. 1-67.

    96. Barry, W.H., Fairbank, W.M., Harrison, D.C., Lehrman, K.H. Malmivuo, J.A.V. & Wikswo, J.P.Jr. 1977. Measurement of the human magnetic heart vector. Science 198 Dec. 16, pp. 1159-1162.

    97. Malmivuo, J.A.V. & Wikswo, J.P.Jr. 1977. A new practical lead system for vector magnetocardiography. Proceedings of the IEEE May, pp. 809-811.

    98. Malmivuo, J.A., Wikswo, J.P.Jr., Barry, W.H., Harrison, D.C. & Fairbank, W.M. 1977. Consistent system of rectangular and spherical co-ordinates for electrocardiography and magnetocardiography. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 15 July, pp. 413-415.

    99. Orko, R. & Malmivuo, J. 1976. Anaesthesia for cardioversion: Immediate haemodynamics in patients anaesthetized with thiopental or althesin. Annals of Clinical Research 4 Aug. 8, pp. 1-6.

    100. Wikswo, J.P.Jr., Grawford, G.E., Malmivuo, J.A. & Roy, R.H. 1975. Magnetic observation of mechanical and electric activity of the human heart. Bulletin of the American Physical Society 20 1, p. 59.